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diff --git a/src/utils/cpp/expected.hpp b/src/utils/cpp/expected.hpp
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+// Copyright 2024 Huawei Cloud Computing Technology Co., Ltd.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef INCLUDED_SRC_UTILS_CPP_EXPECTED_HPP
+#define INCLUDED_SRC_UTILS_CPP_EXPECTED_HPP
+
+#include <utility>
+#include <variant>
+
+// TODO(modernize): replace this by std::unexpected once we switched to C++23
+template <class E>
+class unexpected {
+  public:
+    explicit unexpected(E error) : error_{std::move(error)} {}
+    [[nodiscard]] auto error() && -> E { return std::move(error_); }
+
+  private:
+    E error_;
+};
+
+// TODO(modernize): replace this by std::expected once we switched to C++23
+template <class T, class E>
+class expected {
+  public:
+    expected(T value) noexcept  // NOLINT
+        : value_{std::in_place_index<0>, std::move(value)} {}
+    expected(unexpected<E> unexpected) noexcept  // NOLINT
+        : value_{std::in_place_index<1>, std::move(unexpected).error()} {}
+
+    // Check whether the object contains an expected value
+    [[nodiscard]] auto has_value() const noexcept -> bool {
+        return value_.index() == 0;
+    }
+    [[nodiscard]] operator bool() const noexcept {  // NOLINT
+        return has_value();
+    }
+
+    // Return the expected value
+    [[nodiscard]] auto value() const& -> T const& {
+        return std::get<0>(value_);
+    }
+    [[nodiscard]] auto value() && -> T {
+        return std::move(std::get<0>(value_));
+    }
+
+    // Access the expected value
+    [[nodiscard]] auto operator*() const& noexcept -> T const& {
+        return *std::get_if<0>(&value_);
+    }
+    [[nodiscard]] auto operator*() && noexcept -> T {
+        return std::move(*std::get_if<0>(&value_));
+    }
+    [[nodiscard]] auto operator->() const noexcept -> T const* {
+        return std::get_if<0>(&value_);
+    }
+
+    // Access the unexpected value
+    [[nodiscard]] auto error() const& noexcept -> const E& {
+        return *std::get_if<1>(&value_);
+    }
+    [[nodiscard]] auto error() && noexcept -> E {
+        return std::move(*std::get_if<1>(&value_));
+    }
+
+  private:
+    std::variant<T, E> value_;
+};
+
+#endif  // INCLUDED_SRC_UTILS_CPP_EXPECTED_HPP